How random are TOTP codes?

I'm pretty sure that the 2FA codes generated by my bank's TOTP app have a bias towards the number 8 - because eight is an auspicious number.

But is that just my stupid meaty brain noticing patterns where none exist?

The TOTP algorithm uses HMAC, which in turn uses SHA-1. My aforementioned brain is not clever enough to understand how that works. Although bigger, meatier brains have assured me it is fine.

What happens if I sample, say, the next 10 TOTP codes and plot how often digits appear?

HOLY SHIT! CONSPIRACY CONFIRMED! WTAF?!?!?

Don't believe me? Here's the code:

import pyotp

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt



totp = pyotp.TOTP('')



#   How many times to run this?

runs = 10



#   Initialize a NumPy array with shape to store the digits

digits_array = np.zeros( ( runs, 6), dtype=int)



#   Generate the digits

for i in range( runs ):

    number_str = totp.at( i * 30 )

    for j in range(6):

        digits_array[i, j] = int(number_str[j])



#   Analyse the entire array

all_digits = digits_array.flatten()



# Plot histogram for all digits

plt.figure()

plt.hist(all_digits, bins=np.arange(11) - 0.5, edgecolor='black', density=True)

plt.xticks(range(10))

plt.title('Digit Distribution for All Digits (' + f"{runs:,}" + ' runs)')

plt.xlabel('Digit')

plt.ylabel('Frequency')

plt.show()

OK, so maybe that's a coincidence. What happens if we check 100 generations?

Quite a lot of noise in there - but lucky number 8 isn't quite as prominent.

After 10,000 generations, the variation is all but gone.

There are about 30 million seconds in a year. TOTP codes change every 30 seconds. Which means, in a year, you'll see about a million of them:

Is it possible that a TOTP code could be formed which shows a clear bias to a specific number? Probably not.

I love being able to check the source code - but sometimes it's just as reassuring to measure the output.