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DNS Esoterica - Why you can't dig Switzerland

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As part of my new job, I'm learning a lot more about the mysteries of the Domain Name System than any mortal should know I thought possible.

The humble unix dig command allows you to query all sort of DNS information. For example, to see name server records for the BBC website, you can run:

dig bbc.co.uk NS

Which will get you:

;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 35614
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 8, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 17

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: 097db2ee4c92b84982083ecf62b5b5f2007906e616035113 (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;bbc.co.uk.         IN  NS

;; ANSWER SECTION:
bbc.co.uk.      900 IN  NS  ddns1.bbc.com.
bbc.co.uk.      900 IN  NS  dns0.bbc.co.uk.
bbc.co.uk.      900 IN  NS  ddns1.bbc.co.uk.
...

And a whole lot more. But you can go further down the DNS tree. What are the nameservers for .co.uk?

dig co.uk NS

And you'll get your answer. You can go one further and see the nameservers for the Top Level Domain:

dig uk NS

Which replies with:

;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 54061
;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 8, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 17

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: 880427eda8ff71de2ab4f43862b5b65f95e317d29cc10a8e (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;uk.                IN  NS

;; ANSWER SECTION:
uk.         159692  IN  NS  nsc.nic.uk.
uk.         159692  IN  NS  dns1.nic.uk.
uk.         159692  IN  NS  nsd.nic.uk.
...

And that works with every TLD. Countries like de, generic names like museum, and internationalised domains like 在线. All of them work!

Except Switzerland.

Switzerland's country code is ch - after the name Confoederatio Helvetica. Let's run the dig on it: dig ch NS

 YAML;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: REFUSED, id: 31910
;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

We have been refused and warned. But why does this only happen with Switzerland?

The blame - as with most modern ills - lies in the mid-1970s. The Bee Gees were storming the charts with "Jive Talkin'", the Rocky Horror Picture Show was gathering a cult following, and MIT scientists were causing chaos. Literally.

Chaosnet was an early network protocol designed for local networks. It was technically very clever but, sadly, never really took off.

However, it found its way into DNS records. Let's go back to the answer to dig bbc.co.uk NS:

 YAML;; ANSWER SECTION:
bbc.co.uk.      900 IN  NS  ddns1.bbc.com.

OK, the first part is the domain name. The number is the TTL. The IN is the class. The NS says this is a nameserver record. And, finally, we get the domain of the nameserver.

But, in the class, what does IN stand for?

"Internet", obviously. Wait... Isn't the DNS on the Internet? Why do we need to specify that these DNS records are for Internet?

Well, isn't it obvious? Because you might want records of a different network. Like, for example, Chaosnet.

And if Internet is abbreviated to IN, what is Chaosnet shortened to? That's right! CH.

So, dig sees you enter ch for Switzerland, but thinks you're asking about CH for Chaosnet. And so it fails.

In order to query the records for ch we need to provide an absolutely fully-qualified domain name. It's as simple as sticking a dot at the end of the domain name:

dig ch. NS

;; Got answer:
;; -&gt;&gt;HEADER&lt;&lt;- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 64932
;; flags: qr rd ra ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 5, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 11

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 1232
; COOKIE: e19b9c23cdfa0f7bcf82750462b5c16b47744386c7974ffb (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ch.                IN  NS

;; ANSWER SECTION:
ch.         164894  IN  NS  e.nic.ch.
ch.         164894  IN  NS  a.nic.ch.
ch.         164894  IN  NS  f.nic.ch.

And there we go. A failed 1970s experiment like bell-bottoms and Betamax videos - but with much longer lasting consequences.

You can see some CH records by running like:

dig ch txt @f.root-servers.net version.bind

That will get you something like:

 YAML;; ANSWER SECTION:
version.bind.       86400   CH  TXT "cloudflare-f-root-20190930"

Of course, DNS doesn't only have IN and CH class records.

There's also Hesiod - HS. But you already knew that, right...?

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21 thoughts on “DNS Esoterica - Why you can't dig Switzerland”

  7. G says:

    You have a very enjoyable writing style, thanks for sharing your curious find! I had always (wrongly) assumed "IN" was some kind of DNS set notation and just ignored it. TIL!

    Reply

  9. Zane Thomas says:

    The reason for all this is that the root servers are identified by the character '.' (dot, period) All software I'm aware of (other than really down in the weeds dns code) conveniently implies and/or adds the dot for you.

    The server hierarchy is actually like this

    .

    com org net and others

    duckduckgo etc

    A request of the A record for duckduckgo is actually

    dig duckduckgo.com.

    Reply

  11. said on blog.gslin.org:

    在 Hacker News 上看到「DNS Esoterica - Why you can't dig Switzerland」這篇，裡面提到 dig 的 "feature"。拿來查 tw 的 NS 會這樣下：$ dig tw ns結果會是列出所有的 NS server：;; ANSWER SECTION:tw. 3600 IN NS h.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS a.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS g.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS d.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS anytld.apnic.net.tw. 3600 IN NS f.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS b.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS e.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS c.dns.tw.tw. 3600 IN NS ns.twnic.net.照著作者說的，uk 的 dig uk ns 可以得到類似的結果：;; ANSWER SECTION:uk. 86400 IN NS dns1.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS dns4.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS nsa.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS nsb.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS nsc.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS nsd.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS dns3.nic.uk.uk. 86400 IN NS dns2.nic.uk.但如果你下 dig ch ns 就會出現錯誤，像是這樣：; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> ch ns;; global options: +cmd;; Got answer:;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: REFUSED, id: 5019;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

    ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096;; QUESTION SECTION:;. CH NS

    ;; Query time: 0 msec;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1);; WHEN: Fri Jul 15 06:54:24 CST 2022;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 28原因是因為 CH 這個關鍵字是 Chaosnet 的縮寫，而被特殊解讀：

    Set the query class. The default class is IN; other classes are HS for Hesiod records or CH for Chaosnet records.

    要避開這個解讀需要加上一個 dot (.)，採用 FQDN 的方式列出：dig ch. ns就會得到正確的結果：;; ANSWER SECTION:ch. 86400 IN NS a.nic.ch.ch. 86400 IN NS b.nic.ch.ch. 86400 IN NS f.nic.ch.ch. 86400 IN NS d.nic.ch.ch. 86400 IN NS e.nic.ch.另外的方式是 dig -c IN -t NS ch，透過參數的方式讓 dig 不會誤會。

    <em>Related</em>

    Reply | Reply to original comment on blog.gslin.org

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